What is welfare?
Animal welfare refers to the physiological and psychological health of an animal – effectively, this is how the individual animal is coping, both mentally and physically with their circumstances. Many scientists and animal management professionals now subscribe to the ‘feelings’ approach, whereby welfare is a reflection of an animal’s mental/psychological health and what they are ‘feeling’. ‘The Five Domains’ model (Mellor and Beausoleil, 2015) highlights four ‘physical/function domains’ and promotes that all physical conditions will have an impact on the animals’ ‘mental domain’. It is this ‘Mental domain’ that gives rise to the animals’ animal welfare status. An animal’s welfare state will be in constant flux along an animal welfare spectrum. Recent years have seen the rise in emphasis of promoting positive mental states; not just mitigation of the negative states. The Five Domains model has been adopted by the ‘Caring for Wildlife: WAZA Animal Welfare Strategy’, which, as Members of WAZA, is the strategy which has been adopted by EAZA.
For an animal’s welfare needs to be met, a multi-disciplined, scientifically evidence-based approach is required through, for example, the provision of effective veterinary care, meeting nutritional requirements, providing individuals with the opportunity to perform their species-specific behavioural repertoire and promoting positive emotional states. Both ‘environment-based’ and ‘animal-based’ measures should be included when assessing welfare, with particularly emphasis on the ‘animal-based’ measures as this likely to be a more representative reflection on how the animal is coping and feeling. Animal-based measures can include behavioural measures, body condition and hormonal measures. Consequently, the importance of understanding animals’ natural histories, behavioural needs, physical adaptations, biochemistry and physiology, nutritional requirements, evolutionary drives and psychology cannot be underestimated when it comes to promoting positive animal welfare.
Animal welfare science has progressed dramatically in recent years and the methods by which we evaluate welfare are continually evolving. As new research is released and ideas shared our understanding of species-specific, and individual, needs and wants develops. Through conducting this research and applying the knowledge gained, animal welfare best-practice continues to progress.
For more information, please contact the EAZA Animal Welfare Coordinator sally.binding@eaza.net.
References
- Caring For Wildlife: The World Zoo and Aquarium Animal Welfare Strategy (2015) https://www.waza.org/priorities/animal-welfare/animal-welfare-strategies/ [accessed 8 May 2019].
- Mellor, D.J., and Beausoleil, N.J. (2015) Extending the ‘Five Domains’ model for animal welfare assessment to incorporate positive welfare states. Animal Welfare 24:241-253.
EAZA Animal welfare
EAZA is committed to promoting the positive welfare of animals, not only in our member institutions but also through supporting zoos and aquaria which are currently working towards reaching EAZA’s accreditation standards. EAZA encourages and supports adoption of a proactive approach, to both undertaking and applying animal welfare scientific research. We adopt a multi-faceted, multi-disciplined approach to promotion of animal welfare best-practice via the delivery of animal welfare training and knowledge sharing platforms:
- The EAZA Academy organises and delivers a range of zoo and aquarium-focused professional training, including animal welfare-based workshops and courses.
- Development of the Erasmus+ funded European Professional Zookeeper Qualification Framework (EPZQF).
- EAZA Conference and Forums, including the EAZA Annual Conference, Nutrition Conference, Zoo Educators Conference and launching the EAZA Animal Welfare Forum. The EAZA Animal Welfare Forum will be held 22-24 March 2022, and will be hosted by Apenheul Primate Park in the Netherlands, registrations and Call for Abstracts will be opening after the summer of 2021. Save the Date!
- ‘EAZA Animal Welfare’ Facebook group – sharing evidence-based animal welfare research and application.
The EAZA Accreditation system
The EAZA Accreditation system which ensures that EAZA Accredited Members reach EAZA’s Standards of Accommodation and Care of Animals in Zoos and Aquaria, alongside EAZA’s Guidelines, such as the EAZA Guidelines on the use of animals in public demonstrations have now been incorporated into the EAZA Standards on the Accommodation and Care of Animals in Zoos and Aquariums. Those institutions who do not reach EAZA’s accreditation standards have the opportunity to join our Candidate for Membership programme. Candidates for Membership are supported by EAZA and the EAZA Technical Assistance Committee via the mentorship programme and production of EAZA’s Technical Assistance Manual: 'The Modern Zoo: foundations for Management and Development’, to aid them in raising their standards.
Production of resources, which include article animal welfare information:
- EAZA’s Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research (JZAR). JZAR is open-access to ensure evidence-based animal management knowledge is available for all animal management professionals.
- Production of animal care Best Practice Guidelines.
- Our quarterly magazine, Zooquaria (free to download).
The EAZA Animal Welfare Working Group (AWWG) is currently focused on:
- Supporting planning and delivery of the EAZA Animal Welfare Forum 2022
- Maintaining the Animal Welfare Assessments Library
- Forming links with the EAZA Taxon Advisory Groups (TAGs) through establishing Animal Welfare Liaison
- Providing animal welfare support to the EAZA Membership
Animal Welfare Assessments Library and decision-making tool
The ability to assess animal welfare within our zoo and aquarium collections is very valuable tool. Periodic assessment will not only provide understanding of the current state of welfare for the animals in our care, but it will also allow for monitoring in welfare changes and identify areas for welfare improvement. The EAZA Animal Welfare Assessments Library is a collection of previously established animal welfare assessments/auditing tools that have been kindly shared from researchers and animal management institutions. For more information and access to the public Library, please click here
EAZA Taxon Advisory Group (TAG) – Animal Welfare Liaisons
This project is focused on establishing information sharing frameworks and channels between welfare specialists, welfare research and representatives from EAZA Taxon Advisory Groups. This project aims to ensure scientific developments in welfare best practice are being efficiently shared and utilised in all taxon.
EAZA Welfare Webinars
EAZA Welfare Webinars are free and open to all, to support animal management professionals across the wider animal management community. However, places are limited and EAZA Members are given priority 'early-bird' registration approval. Joining the webinars are a fantastic opportunity to gain professional development from experts in the animal welfare field, which you can apply within your own work to promote evidence-based positive animal welfare.
Please see below registration links, save-the dates, and recordings of previous webinars. Register for our next webinar now!
Next webinar(s):
Animal Training in Zoos – applying the science of behaviour change to improve welfare for all zoo animals
with guest Jim Mackie, Animal Behaviour Management Officer, Zoological Society of London, Vice Chair – EAZA Animal Training Working Group.
This presentation demonstrates how science-based animal training has a significant welfare benefit on all kinds of animals in Zoos and aquaria, in many different ways. From arapaima to zebra, and everything in between, we will show how training is not just for the flagship mammals, but for every type of animal in the zoo. Using examples from across the taxonomic groups, we will explore the diverse ways in which Zoo animal caregivers are replacing traditional methods of husbandry and medical care, such as manual restraint, with a co-operative and progressive approach, and provide evidence into how this change is having a positive impact on Zoo animal welfare, whatever the animal.
EAZA Welfare Webinars are kindly sponsored by the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), allowing the webinars to remain free and open to all!
The latest webinar
People, Animal Welfare and Conservation; aligning key priorities for zoos
with Dr Sally Sherwen from Zoos Victoria
Exciting new research and developments are underway that demonstrates the interconnectedness between staff well-being and positive workplace culture, animal welfare standards and conservation outcomes. Historically, many have considered these areas as conflicting priorities that need to compete for resourcing within and between organisations. But science is now demonstrating the extent of overlap across these focus areas and potential for significant advancements if we re-imagine how we approach our zoo-based work programs. In this talk, I’ll use case study examples of what we’ve learned from better integrating programs of work across various disciplines and departments in an effort to expand reach and impact of our work.
Animal Welfare Assessments Library
The ability to assess animal welfare within our zoo and aquarium collections is very valuable tool. Periodic assessment will not only provide understanding of the current state of welfare for the animals in our care, but it will also allow for monitoring in welfare changes and identify areas for welfare improvement.
The EAZA Animal Welfare Assessments Library is a collection of previously established animal welfare assessments/ auditing tools that have been kindly shared from researchers and animal management institutions. The established assessments all take slightly different approaches to welfare monitoring and therefore this gives the opportunity to align your organisations needs with the appropriate pre-established assessments. A decision-making tool has been provided for the full library by the EAZA Animal Welfare Working Group in order to support members in selecting the most appropriate assessment for their needs.
The full library is now available on the Animal Welfare Working Group SharePoint page for EAZA member access. The library will continue to grow with more institutions offering their assessments and more translations of the current assessments being submitted.
A number of institutions have offered to share their welfare assessment tools publicly, please see below for the welfare assessment library for public use.
EAZA Animal Welfare Assessments Library:
- AnimalConcepts
- Detroit Zoological Society
- Zoos Victoria (plus EAZA Animal Welfare Forum 2020 webinar: welfare risk assessment tool)
- Wildlife Reserves Singapore:
- Wild Planet Trust:
- Animal Welfare Assessment
- Hungarian translation
- German translation
- French translation
- Czech translation
- Danish translation
- Spanish translation
- Portuguese translation
- Romanian translation
- Ukrainian translation
- Russian translation
- Arabic translation 1 and translation 2
- Chinese translation
- Vietnamese translation
Special thanks to:
EAZA would like to thank the following people for sharing their time and expertise with translations. If you can help with further translations, please contact sally.binding@eaza.net
- Xavier Manteca Vilanova, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
- Caterina Spiezio, Parco Natura Viva, Italy
- Godelieve Kranendonk, APP Rescue Centre, the Netherlands
- Annette Pedersen, Copenhagen Zoo, Denmark
- Sami Khader, Qalqilia Zoo, Palestine
- Dana Canari, Brasov Zoo, Romania
- Csaba Harsányi, Sóstó Zoo, Hungary
- Josef Kindl, Kosice Zoo, Slovakia
- Valeria Sklyarova, Kaliningrad Zoo, Russia
- Bùi Gia Linh, Hoàng Thị Tỉnh, Thân Thị Trang, Animals Asia
- Wang Chun Mei, Xie Meng Qi, Animals Asia
- Julia Vakulenko, Kyiv Zoological Gardens, Ukraine
- Nora Hausen, EAZA Executive Office
- Marie Corlay, EAZA Executive Office
- Catarina Rosa, Lisbon Zoo, Portugal
- João Pedro Gomes Meireles, Independent
- Shawn Peng, Taipei Zoo, Taiwan